Wearables May Be Able to Tell When You’re Falling Ill

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The data collected by wearable devices may be able to tell you much more than how many steps you’ve taken or hours you’ve slept. A new long-term study from researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine suggests that fitness monitors, smart watches, and other wearable biosensors may be able to detect initial signs of illness before the wearer has noted any symptoms, according to a New Scientist report.

The results were published on January 12 in PLOS Biology. More than 40 individuals participated in the study and used wearable devices for up to two years. Researchers used the gadgets to track subjects’ pulse rates, skin temperature, and other measurements, and monitored when they deviated from normal baseline measurements. Sure enough, the researchers noticed that subjects exhibited an elevated heart rate up to three days before exhibiting signs of a cold or infection. Their skin temperature was sometimes higher, too.

“We think that if your heart rate and skin temperature are elevated for about two hours, there’s a strong chance you’re getting sick,” the study’s lead author, Michael Snyder, told New Scientist. (Snyder experienced the phenomenon first-hand when he received an early warning from a wearable that he had contracted Lyme disease during an excursion to rural New England.) Researchers also noticed that variations in heart rate patterns could distinguish between participants with insulin resistance (a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes) and healthy subjects, CBS News reports.

The research at this stage is still experimental, but Snyder and his colleagues are hoping to use what they’ve learned to build algorithms that let smart devices notify their wearers when they may be falling ill. Though the inevitable is still likely to occur, that way smart device owners will have been given fair warning—which means they can rest up and take care of themselves.

[h/t New Scientist]


January 13, 2017 – 3:30pm

Why Don’t Royals Use a Last Name?

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Phil Noble – WPA Pool/Getty Images

Among the many upsides to being British royalty, there is this: You never have to use a last name. For one thing, everyone already knows who you are. There’s only one Queen, for instance, so it’s not like Elizabeth has to specify which one she is.

However, the British royal family does have a last name, as Business Insider reminds us. The British royal family’s last name is technically Windsor, but that’s a relatively new development.

Before 1917, royals were usually known by the territory they ruled or the Royal House of which they were a member, as the Royal Family’s website explains. For example: The full name of Queen Victoria’s eldest son, King Edward VII, was Albert Edward Saxe-Coburg-Gotha—a mouthful he inherited from his father, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

In 1917, though, Edward’s son, George V, was presented with a conundrum: His surname sounded somewhat German, which was an unwelcome association during World War I, so he named his family after Windsor Castle. Since then, any descendants of Queen Victoria (aside from married women) bear the last name Windsor.

In 1960, to make things more confusing, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, decided to add their own spin to the Windsor name, distinguishing their descendants from the rest of the royal family. So her children and their children can use Mountbatten-Windsor as their surname on official documents such as marriage and birth certificates. (Fans of Netflix’s The Crown caught a glimpse of the discussions that went into the surname decision, though the series didn’t tell the full story.)

Kings and queens are welcome to change the last names of their family at will, since it’s a matter of precedent rather than an official decree. And royals sometimes adopt other names when it’s convenient. Princes Harry and William used Wales as their last name while serving in the military, adopting their father’s designation as the Prince of Wales.

With such a complicated naming protocol, it’s no wonder most Royal Family members go by their titles instead.

[h/t Business Insider]

Have you got a Big Question you’d like us to answer? If so, let us know by emailing us at bigquestions@mentalfloss.com.




January 13, 2017 – 3:00pm

Here’s Why Overbooked Flights Are Unavoidable

filed under: math, travel
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It’s a traveler’s worst nightmare: You arrive at the airport looking forward to a much-needed vacation only to learn your seat has been bumped. Unfortunately for frequent fliers, this is an unavoidable risk of traveling, and the video below from TED-Ed illustrates why.

In this animated lesson, Nina Klietsch explains that an airline’s decision to overbook flights is based on probability. For the same reason that doctors keep patients waiting past their appointment time and hotels turn away guests with reservations, airlines sell more seats than they have under the assumption that a certain number of fliers won’t show up.

This assumption is built on carefully calculated statistics. Factors like traffic, weather, and time of day are all plugged into algorithms that determine how many extra seats an airline should sell for a certain flight. Chances are that enough people will miss the flight to make overbooking the profitable choice, but there’s a small chance that more people will check in than expected and leave some unlucky passengers feeling cheated.

Though there’s no way to guarantee your seat is secure when you book it, there are a few steps you can take to increase your chances of getting on the plane. Check in early and board the plane as soon as you’re able to do so. Paying more money for a higher class ticket also lowers the likelihood of getting bumped from a flight (though getting downgraded to a cheaper seat with an unfair refund is also a possibility). Lastly, if you do find yourself on an overbooked flight, never volunteer to take one for the team. Passengers who are bumped involuntarily receive more compensation than if they had elected to miss the flight.

[h/t TIME Money]


January 13, 2017 – 2:30pm

Would You Get On This Extremely Unlucky Airplane?

filed under: fun, travel, weird
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iStock

by Jeva Lange

Readers with triskaidekaphobia, avert your eyes now:

All the omens were seemingly against Finnair flight 666 making it from Copenhagen to Helsinki without a layover in The Twilight Zone, but flight tracker FlightRadar24 reports the plane has landed safe and sound.

The number of rabbits feet, horseshoes, and lucky pennies that were on board is unknown.


January 13, 2017 – 2:15pm

50 Sweet Facts About Your Favorite Candies

filed under: candy, Food
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iStock

It’s no surprise that candy delights kids and adults alike. We love sweets so much that the average American eats about 22 pounds of candy each year. Whether you’re looking to impress your friends or simply brush up on your candy trivia, check out these 50 sweet facts about your favorite candies.

1. The most popular Halloween candy varies by state, from Airheads in Alabama to candy corn in Wyoming. But Kit Kat, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups, and Butterfinger are a few of the most consistently popular candies in all 50 states.

2. Harry Burnett Reese sold the Lizzie Bar and Johnny Bar, candy bars he named after his daughter and son, respectively. But his chocolate-covered peanut butter cup creation, which he named after himself and called Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups, was his real hit.

3. Leo Hirschfield, the inventor of Tootsie Rolls, also invented Bromangelon, a gelatin dessert that was a precursor to Jell-O.

4. If you love drinking beer and eating candy, Oregon-based brewery Rogue Ales has the perfect candy bar in a bottle for you. The brewery’s candy-flavored beer—Hazelutely Choctabulous, a chocolate stout blended with hazelnut brown nectar—provides the perfect opportunity to drink your dessert.

5. If drinking alcoholic candy isn’t your thing, edible alcoholic candy is also an option. In Japan, adults can buy sake-flavored Kit Kats, which are enveloped in white chocolate and contain sake powder (0.8 percent alcohol). The Japanese can also snack on whiskey-flavored Pocky sticks, which are covered in chocolate and flavored with malt.

6. Historians aren’t sure exactly when candy canes were invented, but legend has it that the twisted sticks have been around since 1670, when a German choirmaster twisted regular sticks of candy to make them look like shepherds’ hooks.

7. Inspired by a malted milkshake that was popular in the early 1920s, Milky Way was meant to mimic the taste of the shake.

8. Lovers of white chocolate, beware! Because white chocolate doesn’t contain cocoa solids, it’s not real chocolate.

9. Toblerone customers are a passionate, vocal bunch. When the chocolate bar company decided to cut costs by reducing the weight of two of their bars sold in the UK, fans loudly expressed their disappointment and mocked the new bar’s fewer triangular chocolate peaks.

10. The two M’s in M&M’s stand for Mars and Murrie, the surnames of the two businessmen—Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie—who developed and financed the candy-coated chocolates.

11. Clarence Crane, the creator of Life Savers, made his candies round rather than square, which was the typical shape for most mints at the time, after visiting a pharmacy. Inspiration struck when he saw a machine making pills that were round and flat, and the rest is history.

12. According to researchers who built licking machines (yes, they’re a real thing), it takes anywhere from 364 to 411 licks to reach the center of a Tootsie Pop. Human lickers, on the other hand, averaged just 144 to 252 licks.

13. E.T.‘s iconic scene in which Elliott entices the alien with Reese’s Pieces almost didn’t happen. Steven Spielberg’s first two choices of candy were M&M’s and Hershey’s Kisses, but when the Hershey Company offered to pay $1 million to showcase their latest candy creation, Reese’s Pieces became E.T.’s favorite sweet.

14. If you’re not sure how to properly pair Halloween candy with wine, you’re in luck. Based on criteria including flavor, acidity, bitterness, and sweetness, wine experts recommend pairing Whoppers with Cabernet Sauvignon, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups with Sherry, and Hershey’s Kisses with Zinfandel.

15. M&M’s come in a lot more flavors than milk chocolate, peanut, and crispy. You can also snack on M&M’s in more esoteric flavors (some are limited-edition): pecan pie, peanut butter, pumpkin spice latte, pretzel, and white cheesecake.

16. Invented by an anti-smoking advocate, PEZ were originally marketed as mints to help smokers kick the habit. The candy’s slogan in the 1920s? “Smoking prohibited, PEZing allowed.”

17. Franklin Mars named the Snickers bar after his wife’s favorite racehorse.

18. It’s never too early in the a.m. to indulge your sweet tooth. Last year, Dunkin’ Donuts and Hershey joined forces to offer customers candy-flavored coffee, with Heath bar and Almond Joy flavor options.

19. According to the American Chemical Society, eating 262 fun-sized Halloween candy bars would poison a 180-pound person. But don’t worry about death by candy—you’d vomit before you’d be able to down 262 candy bars in one sitting.

20. The rivalry between fans of Twizzlers and Red Vines is fierce and deep-seated. Candy fans have heated online debates about which licorice product has a better taste, texture, and appearance.

21. If you’ve ever wondered what’s in the filling (between the layers of wafer) of a Kit Kat bar, here’s your answer: it’s not chocolate! It’s actually recycled Kit Kats. Technicians pull any imperfect Kit Kats—with off-center wafers or not enough shine, for example—and then grind them into a paste.

22. President Ronald Reagan loved eating Jelly Belly jelly beans so much that Air Force One was outfitted with special jelly bean holders, lest turbulence cause his beloved beans to spill.

23. Most candy canes are peppermint-flavored, but more adventurous fans can buy candy canes in wacky flavors including wasabi, bacon, coffee, pickles, and gravy.

24. In 2012, a chef in Illinois created the world’s largest candy cane, measuring 51 feet and containing a whopping 900 pounds of sugar.

25. During the Korean War, U.S. soldiers in the First Marine Division used the phrase “Tootsie Rolls” as a codename for mortar shells. But the real candy came in handy when the soldiers used chewed-up Tootsie Rolls to patch holes in their vehicles’ fuel lines.

26. In 2009, Butterfinger jumped on the energy drink bandwagon with Butterfinger Buzz, a candy bar containing 80 mg of caffeine (as much caffeine as a can of Red Bull). But due to low sales, the product was discontinued.

27. Until the ’90s, Snickers bars in the United Kingdom were called Marathon bars.

28. Junior Mints were named after Junior Miss, a Broadway play that ran from 1941 to 1943.

29. To appeal to kids, PEZ turned candy dispensers into toys. The first dispensers geared toward children were shaped like Santa Claus, a robot, and a space gun.

30. Every day, 64 million Tootsie Rolls are made, which means that over 44,440 Tootsie Rolls are created per minute!

31. Haribo, the candy company famous for its gummy bears, is a portmanteau. Creator Hans Riegel combined the first two letters of his first and last name with the first two letters of his hometown: Bonn, Germany.

32. Athletes can munch on Jelly Belly’s Sport Beans, a line of jelly beans containing carbohydrates, electrolytes, B vitamins, and Vitamin C. Who says you can’t eat candy while exercising?

33. The 1920s saw the release of The Vegetable Sandwich bar, a health-oriented candy bar that contained celery, tomatoes, cabbage, and peppers covered in chocolate. But with competition from Baby Ruth, Milky Way, and Milk Duds, it’s no surprise that the vegetable bar didn’t take off.

34. The design of Mary Jane candies—a yellow wrapper with a red stripe and drawing of a young girl—has stayed the same for over 100 years.

35. DOTS are vegan, gluten-free, and kosher.

36. Introduced in 1932, 3 Musketeers was so named because it featured chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla pieces of candy. But vanilla and strawberry (as well as sugar) were scarce during World War II, so 3 Musketeers ditched the vanilla and strawberry to focus on chocolate.

37. Sam Born, the man who founded Just Born candy company in 1923, originally made his fortune by inventing the Born Sucker Machine—a device that would insert sticks into lollipops.

38. It used to take 27 hours to make one Peep, but after automation, now it only takes six minutes. That means the Pennsylvanian factory can pump out 5.5 million Peeps a day!

39. North Dakotans in search of candy cigarettes between 1953 and 1967 were out of luck. The state banned the candy due to concerns that it would encourage kids to smoke real cigarettes.

40. Past PEZ flavors have included pineapple, coffee, cola, and even chlorophyll.

41. Customers in the United Kingdom can buy jars of Twix spread, a Nutella-like spreadable that contains chocolate, caramel, and crunchy pieces of biscuit.

42. The Goelitz Candy Company’s brand of candy corn, which they began producing in 1898, was called “chicken feed,” since real corn kernels were usually only fed to livestock.

43. Even though Twizzlers are known as a “licorice candy,” only the black licorice packages contain licorice extract. The standard strawberry ones are made with corn syrup, enriched wheat flour, and artificial flavoring.

44. If you love snacking on Everlasting Gobstoppers, Runts, and Laffy Taffy, you can partially thank Roald Dahl. Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory, the film based on his book Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, was the impetus for Quaker Oats, who agreed to help finance the film, to launch a candy line (which later became The Willy Wonka Candy Company) to bring the imaginative candy creations to life.

45. Every eight hours, Mars’ New Jersey factory produces 2 billion M&M’s.

46. Researchers determined that the Kit Kat jingle—”Gimme a break, Gimme a break, Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar”—is one of the most common earworms. Our apologies that it’s now stuck in your head!

47. Since debuting in 1940, Mike and Ike candy has been made in almost 40 different flavors, from the original fruit mix (orange, cherry, lemon, and lime) to more unusual ones such as cotton candy and root beer float.

48. Salt-water taffy, which was invented in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1880s, was given that name because it was sold as souvenir candy at seaside towns, not because it’s particularly salty or watery.

49. After Curtiss Candy Company owner Otto Schnering achieved success with the Baby Ruth candy bar, he followed it up with Butterfinger, another smash hit.

50. Hershey, Pennsylvania, home to the world headquarters of the Hershey Chocolate Company, was named after a failed naming contest. In 1904, the newly created town hosted a contest to pick its new name, and the winner was “Hersheykoko.” The post office (and many locals, including founder Milton Hershey’s wife) rejected the the name, and they eventually went with the more straightforward “Hershey.”

All images via iStock.


January 13, 2017 – 2:00pm

Jack Daniel’s Wants You to Drink Whiskey-Flavored Coffee

filed under: alcohol, coffee
Image credit: 
Jack Daniel’s

Coffee with a kick: Jack Daniel’s recently announced a line of non-alcoholic coffees infused with the flavor of their famous whiskey.

The company has partnered with World of Coffee to issue 8.8 ounce tins ($21.95) and 1.5 ounce bags ($6.95) in both caffeinated and non-caffeinated varieties. “The distinct caramel and vanilla notes of Jack Daniel’s Old No. 7 Tennessee Whiskey are evident in each sip,” according to the product’s web site.

The boozy coffee is currently available only in the Lynchburg Hardware and General Store in Lynchburg, Tennessee, and from the Jack Daniel’s online store. Or if you’re looking to broaden your coffee horizons without smelling like a distillery, you can check out our list of the Best Roasters in All 50 States.

[h/t Mashable]


January 13, 2017 – 1:45pm

U.S. Currency Depicts Lady Liberty as a Black Woman for the First Time

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United States Mint/Twitter

Long before we learned that Harriet Tubman would be gracing the $20, Lady Liberty was a common sight on U.S. currency. Now, after a 72-year hiatus, the United States Mint announced they’re reviving the figure like she’s never been seen before. As ABC News reports, a new gold coin will portray Lady Liberty as a woman of color for the first time in history.

The American Liberty High Relief Gold Coin will be released in honor of the U.S. Mint’s 225th anniversary this year. On the front, Lady Liberty is depicted as a black woman in a crown of stars. She’s flanked by two dates: 1792, the year the mint was founded, and the current year, 2017. The reverse side shows an image of an eagle in flight.

The $100, 24-karat gold collector’s coin will be minted at the West Point Mint Facility in New York and released on April 6. This version of Lady Liberty is one of several that will be unveiled in a new series. Gold coins representing Asian-American, Indian-American, and Latina women among others will also be produced, with one coin coming out every two years.

[h/t ABC News]


January 13, 2017 – 12:45pm